Bismuth, esomeprazole, metronidazole, and minocycline or tetracycline as a first-line regimen for Helicobacter pylori eradication: A randomized controlled trial / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#Given the general unavailability, common adverse effects, and complicated administration of tetracycline, the clinical application of classic bismuth quadruple therapy (BQT) is greatly limited. Whether minocycline can replace tetracycline for Helicobacter pylori ( H . pylori ) eradication is unknown. We aimed to compare the eradication rate, safety, and compliance between minocycline- and tetracycline-containing BQT as first-line regimens.@*METHODS@#This randomized controlled trial was conducted on 434 naïve patients with H . pylori infection. The participants were randomly assigned to 14-day minocycline-containing BQT group (bismuth potassium citrate 110 mg q.i.d., esomeprazole 20 mg b.i.d., metronidazole 400 mg q.i.d., and minocycline 100 mg b.i.d.) and tetracycline-containing BQT group (bismuth potassium citrate/esomeprazole/metronidazole with doses same as above and tetracycline 500 mg q.i.d.). Safety and compliance were assessed within 3 days after eradication. Urea breath test was performed at 4-8 weeks after eradication to evaluate outcome. We used a noninferiority test to compare the eradication rates of the two groups. The intergroup differences were evaluated using Pearson chi-squared or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables and Student's t -test for continuous variables.@*RESULTS@#As for the eradication rates of minocycline- and tetracycline-containing BQT, the results of both intention-to-treat (ITT) and per-protocol (PP) analyses showed that the difference rate of lower limit of 95% confidence interval (CI) was >-10.0% (ITT analysis: 181/217 [83.4%] vs . 180/217 [82.9%], with a rate difference of 0.5% [-6.9% to 7.9%]; PP analysis: 177/193 [91.7%] vs . 176/191 [92.1%], with a rate difference of -0.4% [-5.6% to 6.4%]). Except for dizziness more common (35/215 [16.3%] vs . 13/214 [6.1%], P = 0.001) in minocycline-containing therapy groups, the incidences of adverse events (75/215 [34.9%] vs . 88/214 [41.1%]) and compliance (195/215 [90.7%] vs . 192/214 [89.7%]) were similar between the two groups.@*CONCLUSION@#The eradication efficacy of minocycline-containing BQT was noninferior to tetracycline-containing BQT as first-line regimen for H . pylori eradication with similar safety and compliance.@*TRIAL REGISTRATION@#ClinicalTrials.gov, ChiCTR 1900023646.

Nuevos retos en el tratamiento de la infección por helicobacter pylori / New challenges in the treatment of the infection for helicobacter pylori

RESUMEN La infección por helicobacter pylori afecta aproximadamente al 50% de la población mundial, es causante de gastritis crónica, úlcera péptica, cáncer gástrico y linfoma del tejido linfoide asociado a la mucosa. Desde su descubrimiento, la erradicación ha sido uno de los más importantes retos en Gastroenterología. En muchos países se desconoce la prevalencia de resistencia primaria del microorganismo a los diferentes antibióticos que empíricamente se utilizan, y por no realizar pruebas de rutina que verifican su erradicación en la práctica diaria, se ignora la efectividad de los esquemas prescritos. El incremento progresivo de la resistencia a la claritromicina y metronidazol, unido a una ausencia de antibioticoterapia alternativa, desafía la capacidad para eliminar de manera efectiva a ésta bacteria. El subcitrato de bismuto ha resurgido y su adición en la terapia ha permitido aumentar las tasas de curación por encima del 90%. Actualmente se invoca que para mejorar la eficacia en el tratamiento se debe combinar una supresión potente del ácido gástrico en tratamientos combinados cuádruples con una duración de 14 días, para la mayoría de los casos. La adherencia al tratamiento es crucial para obtener buenos resultados terapéuticos.

ABSTRACT The infection for helicobacter pylori affects approximately to the world population's 50%, it is causing of chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, gastric cancer and linfoma associated to the mucous one. From their discovery, the eradication has been one of the most important challenges in Gastroenterología. In many countries the prevalencia of primary resistance is ignored from the microorganism to the different antibiotics that empirically they are used, and for not carrying out routine tests that verify its eradication in the daily practice, the effectiveness of the prescribed outlines it is ignored. The progressive increment of the resistance to the claritromicina and metronidazol, together to an absence of alternative antibioticotherapy, challenges the capacity to eliminate from an effective way to this bacteria. The bismuth subcitrato has resurged and its addition in the therapy has allowed to increase the cure rates above 90%. At the moment it is invoked that to improve the effectiveness in the treatment, that is should combine a potent suppression of the gastric acid in combined quadruple treatments with a duration of 14 days, for most of the cases. The adherence to the treatment is crucial to obtain therapeutic good results.

Therapeutic endoscopy in combination with quadruple therapy in treating bleeding caused by gastric ulcer

Objective: To analyze the efficacy of therapeutic endoscopy in combination with quadruple therapy in treating bleeding caused by gastric ulcer and investigate the factors inducing rebleeding

Methods: Two hundred and twelve patients with bleeding caused by gastric ulcer who were admitted to Binzhou People's Hospital, Shandong, China between April 2015 and April 2016 were selected as research subjects. The patients were randomly divided into a control group and an experimental group. Patients in the control group were treated by quadruple therapy, while patients in the observation group received therapeutic endoscopy treatment in addition to the same treatment as the control group. The treatment efficacy, adverse reaction, H pylori [Hp] clearance rate and rebleeding were compared between the two groups

Results: The effective rate of the observation group was 98.1%, which was significantly higher than that of the control group [80.2%], and the difference had statistical significance [P<0.05]. The incidence of adverse reactions in the observation group was lower than that in the control group. The Hp clearance rate of the observation group was higher than that of the control group, and the difference had statistical significance [P<0.05]. The multi-factor analysis on rebleeding suggested that whether therapeutic endoscopy was performed or not, hemoglobin level and presence of peptic ulcer stage A1 were independent risk factors

Conclusion: Endoscopic treatment in combination with quadruple therapy is better in the treatment of bleeding caused by gastric ulcer as compared to medical treatment alone. Patients with high-risk factors such as low content of hemoglobin and ulcer at stage A1 should be monitored more carefully to prevent the occurrence of rebleeding

Efectividad de un nuevo régimen simplificado en la erradicación de Helicobacter pylori. Estudio prospectivo realizado en una clínica privada de Lima Metropolitana / New simplified regimen for Helicobacter pylori eradication achieves high effectiveness. Prospective study in a private clinic in Lima, Peru

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar la efectividad de dos nuevos esquemas para el tratamiento de Helicobacter pylori frente al esquema triple convencional de amoxilina, claritromicina y un inhibidor de bomba de protones. Materiales y métodos: Estudio prospectivo, no aleatorio, realizado en una clínica privada de Lima, Perú. Los pacientes con infección por Helicobacter demostrada por endoscopia con biopsia y/o test de la ureasa, recibieron uno de tres tratamientos en estudio y fueron examinados mediante el test del aliento con urea C14, entre 1 y 6 meses después. Resultados: El tratamiento triple convencional solo logró la erradicación en 49/68 casos (71,2%) y el cuádruple con doxiciclina, metronidazol, bismuto y esomeprazol lo hizo en 52/62 casos (83,9%) siendo esta diferencia no significativa (p>0,1). El esquema simplificado de doxiciclina, furazolidona y bismuto logró curar a 79/83 pacientes (95,2%) superando a los dos anteriores con valor significativo (p<0,005 y p<0,05 respectivamente). Conclusiones: El tratamiento triple convencional para Helicobacter no está alcanzando niveles aceptables de efectividad en nuestra institución. Esto enfatiza la necesidad de buscar nuevas alternativas; por lo que sería útil validar con nuevos estudios los buenos resultados logrados por el régimen Simplificado de doxiciclina, furazolidona y bismuto que aquí presentamos

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the effectiveness of two new therapeutic regimes for Helicobacter pylori versus triple therapy that includes a proton pump inhibitor, amoxicillin and clarithromycin. Materials and methods: prospective study, non-randomized, in a private Hospital in Lima, Peru. Patients with biopsy and/or rapid ureasa test proven Helicobacter pylori infection received one of the three therapeutic regimens and were followed with a urea breath test 1 to 6 months upon completion of therapy. Results: Triple therapy achieved eradication in 49/68 of cases (71.2%); quadruple therapy (doxycycline + metronidazole + bismuth + esomeprazole) in 52/62 (83.9%), and the simplified regimen with doxycycline + furazolidone + bismuth, obtained success in 79/83 of cases (95.2%). Statistically significant difference with p<0.005 and p<0.05 respectively. Conclusion: Triple therapy against Hp does not achieve acceptable effectiveness in our institution. This highlights the need to look for new therapeutic options, being the simplified regime (doxycycline, furazolidone and bismuth) used in the current study a good option, requiring further studies for validation.

Disminución de hemorragia post adenoamigdalectomía mediante la utilzación de subgalato de bismuto / Decrease of post adenoamigdalectomy hemorrhage through the use of bismutal subgalate / Diminuição da hemorragem pós adenotonsilectomia através do uso do subgalato de bismuto

Introducción: la cirugía de amígdalas y adenoides es la más frecuentemente realizada en otorrinolaringología. La incidencia de complicaciones es baja, siendo la hemorragia la más frecuente y seria. Se estima que la incidencia de hemorragia post adenoamigdalectomia es entre 0,1 y 8,1%. Dentro de las técnicas hemostáticas se utilizan suturas, electrocauterio, radiofrecuencia, presión con packs, vasoconstrictores u otras sustancias hemostáticas. Entre estas últimas el subgalato de bismuto (activa el factor XII de la coagulación) ha sido empleado durante décadas para hemostasia de diferentes sitios quirúrgicos. El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar la eficacia de la pasta de subgalato de bismuto en la disminución de hemorragias post adenoamigdalectomías. Material y método: Trabajo retrospectivo con pacientes adultos y pediátricos intervenidos quirúrgicamente de amigdalectomía/ adenoidectomía mediante técnica de Daniels y cureta de Beckmann, a los que se dividió en dos grupos: Uno, sin la utilización de subgalato de bismuto y otro utilizando la pasta hemostática intraoperatoria. Posteriormente se comparó la incidencia de hemorragia postquirúrgica entre ambos grupos. Resultados: El primer grupo incluyó a 2.125 pacientes operados y el porcentaje de hemorragias post quirúrgicas sin la utilización del subgalato de bismuto fue de 4,56% (N=97). El otro grupo se conformó con 1.647 pacientes a los que se les aplicó la pasta de subgalato de bismuto en el lecho sangrante y el porcentaje de hemorragias post quirúrgicas descendió a 1,33% (N=22). La diferencia entre ambos grupos fue estadísticamente significativa p=0,001. Conclusiones: La pasta de subgalato de bismuto disminuye la incidencia de hemorragia post amigdalectomía.

Backgruond: tonsils and adenoid surgery are the most frequently performed in otorhinolaryngology. The incidence of complications is low, being the hemorrhage the most frequent and serious one (estimated between 0.1% and 8.1%). The hemostatic techniques used during surgery are sutures, electrocautery, radio frequency, pressure with packs, vasoconstrictors and other haemostatic substances. Between these last substances, Bismuth Subgalate (activates factor XII of coagulation) has been used during decades for hemostasis in different surgical sites. The objective is to determine the efficacy of Bismuth Subgalate paste in the reduction of postadenotonsillectomy hemorrhage. Material and method: Retrospective study including adult and pediatric patients who underwent tonsilectomy / adenoidectomy using the Daniels technique and Beckmann’s curette, which were divided into two groups: one without the use of bismuth subgalate and another using the intraoperative hemostatic paste. Subsequently, the incidence of postoperative hemorrhage between the two groups was compared. Results: The first group included 2,125 patients operated. The percentage of postoperative hemorrhages without the use of the bismuth subgalate was 4.56% (N = 97). The other group consisted of 1,647 patients in whom the Bismuth Subgalate paste was used as a hemostatic agent during surgery. The percentage of postoperative hemorrhage fell to 1.33% (N = 22). The difference between both groups was statistically significant p = 0.001. Conclutions: Bismuth subgalate paste decreases the incidence of post adenotonsillectomy hemorrhage.

Introdução: amígdalas e adenóides cirurgia é a mais realizada na otorrinolaringologia. A incidência de complicações é baixa, sendo o sangramento mais frequentes e graves. Estima-se que a incidência de hemorragia pós-adenotonsilectomia é entre 0,1 e 8,1%. Entre as técnicas hemostáticos, electrocauterização, suturas, radiofrecuecia, pacotes de pressão vasoconstritores ou outras substâncias hemostáticos são utilizados. O subgalato de bismuto ( ativa o fator de coagulação XII) tem sido usada há décadas para hemostasia de diferentes locais cirúrgicos. O objectivo é determinar a eficiência de pasta de subgalato de bismuto na redução de hemorragias pós-adenoamigdalectomia. Material e método: Estudo retrospectivo com pacientes adultos e pediátricos submetidos á cirurgia de adenoidectomia/ amigdalectomia pela técnica Daniels e cureta Beckmann, que foi dividido em dois grupos: um sem o uso de subgalato de bismuto e a outra usando pasta hemostática intraoperatória subsequentemente na incidência de hemorragia pós-cirúrgica entre os dois grupos foi comparado. Resultados: O primeiro grupo incluiu 2125 pacientes operados e a porcentagem de hemorragias pós-cirúrgico, sem o uso de subgalato de bismuto foi 4,56% (97n) o outro grupo foi formada com 1647 pacientes o qual foi aplicada uma pasta de subgalato de bismuto e a percentagem de hemorragia pós-cirurgia caiu para 1,33% (22n), a diferença entre ambos grupos foi estatisticamente significativa (p:0,001). Conclusões: a pasta de subgalato de bismuto diminui a incidencia de hemorragia pós-adenoamigdalectomia.

Improving the standard sequential treatment of Helicobacter pylori with either extended treatment or by adding bismuth

Background and study aims: Standard sequential treatment for Helicobacter pylori [H. pylori] eradication has less success because of increasing clarithromycin resistance. Extended treatment and bismuth containing regimens were, therefore, investigated

Patients and methods: Consecutive H. pylori-positive patients with dyspepsia were randomly allocated to one of the three sequential regimens: The first group was given lansoprazole 30 mg b.i.d. plus amoxicillin 1 g b.i.d. for the first 5 days, followed by lansoprazole 30 mg b.i.d., clarithromycin 500 mg b.i.d., and metronidazole 500 mg t.i.d. for the second 5 days [standard sequential, SS]. The second group was given the same regimen but for 7 + 7 days instead of 5 + 5 days [extended sequential, ES]. In the third group, colloidal bismuth 600 mg b.i.d. was added to the second regimen for 14 days [extended sequential + bismuth subcitrate, ES + B]. Urea breath test or histology was performed before enrolment and 6 weeks after the end of treatment to detect H. pylori

Results: A total of 280 patients were included in the study. Per-protocol eradication rates were 62% [56/90], 72% [56/78], and 75% [54/72] in patients who received SS, ES, and ES + B regimens, respectively. Moreover, intention-to-treat eradication rates were 53% [56/104], 62% [56/90] and 62% [54/86], respectively. The differences in eradication rates between the groups were not statistically significant

Conclusion: Although prolonging of the sequential treatment to 14 days may be considered, addition of bismuth to the regimen is of no avail

Therapeutic success with bismuth-containing sequential and quadruple regimens in Helicobacter pylori eradication

Background and study aims: The success rate of Helicobacter pylori [H. pylori] eradication with the classical triple therapy is gradually declining. In this study, we aimed to compare and assess the efficacies of six different eradication regimens including sequential protocols

Patients and methods: Endoscopically confirmed nonulcer dyspepsia patients were enrolled. H. pylori presence was determined either histologically or by a rapid urease test. Treatment-naive patients were randomly assigned to an either one of three 10-day [OAC, OTMB, and OACB] or one of three sequential protocols [OA + OCM, OA + OCMB, and OA + OMDB] [O = omeprazole, A = amoxicillin, C = clarithromycin, T = tetracycline, M = metronidazole, B = bismuth, D = doxycycline]. The eradication was assessed 6-8 weeks after the completion of the treatment by a 14C-urea breath test

Results: In total, 301 patients were included. Fifty-two percent of the participants [n = 157] were female, and the mean age was 44.9 years [range = 18-70]. The intention to treat [ITT] and per protocol [PP] eradication rate for each regimen is as follows: OAC [ITT = 61.2%, PP = 75%], OTMB [83.3%, 87%], OACB [76.5%, 79.6%], OA + OCM [72.3%, 73.9%], OA + OCMB [82.7%, 89.6%], and OA + OMDB [59.3%, 65.3%]. Smoking significantly affected the eradication rate [P = 0.04]

Conclusion: In this study, OTMB and OA + OCMB were significantly superior to the triple therapy and succeeded to reach the eradication rate proposed by the Maastricht consensus [over 80%]. These two bismuth-containing regimens could be considered for first-line therapy in the regions with high clarithromycin resistance

Bismuth subsalicylate as filler particle for an experimental epoxy-based root canal sealer

AIM: To evaluate the influence of bismuth subsalicylate addition in different concentrations on theproperties ofan experimental epoxy-based root canal sealer. METHODS: Bismuth subsalicylate in 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100% and 120 wt% was added tothe sealer. Flow, film thickness, working time, setting time, dimensional change, sorption, solubility and cytotoxicity were evaluated according to ISO standard. Data were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey'stest with a significance level of 5% for all tests. RESULTS:The flow, working and setting times significantly decreased withincreasing particle concentration. The film thickness, dimensional change, water sorption and solubility values significantly increased with higher particle amount. The results for cytotoxicity showed no statistically significant differences among the particle proportions. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the addition up to 80% wt of bismuth subsalicylate appears to be a promising filler particle to root canal sealer development.

Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Korea, 2013 Revised Edition / 대한소화기학회지

Since the Korean College of Helicobacter and Upper Gastrointestinal Research has first developed the guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in 1998, the revised guideline was proposed in 2009 by the same group. Although the revised guideline was made by comprehensive review of previous articles and consensus of authoritative expert opinions, the evidence-based developmental process was not applied in the revision of the guideline. This new guideline has been revised especially in terms of changes in the indication and treatment of H. pylori infection in Korea, and developed by the adaptation process as evidence-based method; 6 guidelines were retrieved by systematic review and the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) II process, 21 statements were made with grading system and revised by modified Delphi method. After revision, 11 statements for the indication of test and treatment, 4 statements for the diagnosis and 4 statements for the treatment have been developed, respectively. The revised guideline has been reviewed by external experts before the official endorsement, and will be disseminated for usual clinical practice in Korea. Also, the scheduled update and revision of the guideline will be made periodically.

Effect of immediate and delayed post space preparation on the apical seal of root canals obturated with different sealers and techniques

During mechanical preparation of the post space, the root canal filling may be twisted or vibrated, depending on several factors associated with the preparation technique and quality of filling. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of immediate and delayed post space preparation on the integrity of the apical seal. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty-four extracted human incisors were biomechanically prepared using the step-back technique. Sixty roots were randomly assigned to 6 experimental groups of 10 teeth each and the remaining 4 roots served as positive and negative controls (n=2). The root canals in the different groups were obturated with cold lateral and warm vertical condensation of gutta-percha and one of two sealers (Sealapex and Diaket). Post space was prepared either individually or simultaneously. An insulated copper wire was cut into 10-cm-long pieces. In each canal, one piece was inserted to maintain contact with gutta-percha and extended to the outside as one of two working electrodes. A stainless steel wire with the same dimensions of those of the copper wire, used as the other working electrode, was immersed into the background electrolyte from the center of the bottle. The electrical current between standard and experimental electrodes in canals was measured over a period of 10 days applying a conductivity meter. The Kruskal-Wallis test (p=0.05) determined whether there was a significant difference in microleakage among the groups and the Mann-Whitney U test (p=0.01) was used for multiple comparison grouping variables. RESULTS: The results suggest that only the differences between the root canal filling techniques were statistically significant (p<0.01). There were no statistically significant difference in the sealers and the times of filling removal for post space preparation (p>0.01). CONCLUSION: The quality of the root canal filling is important for the integrity of the apical seal.

Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines for Helicobacter pylori Infection in Korea / 대한소화기학회지

Eleven years has passed since the guideline of the Korean College of Helicobacter and Upper Gastrointestinal Research group for H. pyori infection was produced in 1998. During this period the research for H. pyori has much progressed that H. pyori is now regarded as the major cause of gastric cancer. The seroprevalence of H. pyori in Korea was found to be decreased especially below the age of 40's and in the area of Seoul.Gyeonggi province, and annual reinfection rate of H. pyori has decreased up to 2.94%. In the aspect of diagnostic tests of H. pyori the biopsy is recommended in the body instead of antrum in the subjects with atrophic gastritis and/or intestinal metaplasia for the modified Giemsa staining or Warthin Starry silver staining. The urea breath test is the test of choice to confirm eradication when follow-up endoscopy is not necessary. Definite indication for H. pyori eradication is early gastric cancer in addition to the previous indications of peptic ulcer including scar and Marginal zone B cell lymphoma (MALT type). Treatment is also recommended for the relatives of gastric cancer patient, unexplained iron deficiency anemia, and chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. One or two week treatment of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) based triple therapy consisting of one PPI and two antibiotics, clarithromycin and amoxicillin, is recommended as the first line treatment regimen. In the case of treatment failure, one or two weeks of quadruple therapy (PPI+metronidazole+tetracycline+bismuth) is recommended. Herein, Korean College of Helicobactor and Upper Gastrointestinal Research proposes a diagnostic and treatment guideline based on currently available evidence.

Guidelines of Treatment for Non-bleeding Peptic Ulcer Disease / 대한소화기학회지

Over the past century, since the introduction of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), antacid, histamine H2-receptor antagonists (H2RA), proton pump inhibitors (PPI), and discovery of Helicobacter pylori infection, the paradigm of peptic ulcer disease has changed with marked decrease in morbidity and mortality. However, peptic ulcer disease still occupies a position as a major health problem with increase of aged population and NSAIDs usage. In daily general practice, the management of peptic ulcer disease is directed according to the presence of bleeding or not. For non-bleeding peptic ulcer disease, proper acid suppression and the correction of underlying causes such as Helicobacter pylori infection and NSAID use is the main stay of treatment. Though a complete understanding of pathophysiology and a perfect treatment strategy are still a challenge, this guideline aims to provide practical recommendations based on evidences or consensus of experts through in-depth literature review and expert meeting.

MAASTRICHT III y dispepsia: razones para una discrepancia / MAASTRICHT III and dyspepsia: reasons for a discrepancy

En el año 2005 se celebró la reunión de Consenso de Maastricht III en la que se trazaron lineamientos para el enfoque terapéutico de la infección por Helicobacter pylori. En este trabajo se hace un análisis de la indicación de tratar a los pacientes dispépticos no estudiados y los dispépticos no ulcerosos con terapia de erradicación de la bacteria a lo que se concede un nivel de evidencia 1a y un grado de recomendación A en esa reunión de expertos. Se llama la atención sobre la discordancia entre la significación estadística encontrada en un trabajo controlado y aleatorizado y una Revisión Sistemática Cochrane sobre la dispepsia funcional y su relevancia clínica. Se señala que el Consenso de Maastricht basa sus recomendaciones sobre el tratamiento de la dispepsia en dichos trabajos. Se destacan los peligros emanados de los efectos colaterales adversos que conlleva la aplicación de terapia de erradicación del Helicobacter pylori en una población de pacientes de tan vastas dimensiones entre los que figuran el retraso en la realización de un diagnóstico temprano de las causas orgánicas de la dispepsia, el enmascaramiento de enfermedades malignas gástricas, el desarrollo de resistencia bacteriana y la afectación de la microbiota intestinal.

The Maastrich III Consensus Meeting, in which the guidelines for the therapeutic approach of Helicobacter pylori infection were laid down was celebrated in 2005. In this paper, it is made an analysis of the indication of treating non-studied dyspeptic patients and non-ulcerous dyspectic with erradication therapy of the bacterium, which was given a level of evidence 1 A and a recommendation degree A in this meeting of experts. The attention was called on the discordance between the statistical significance found in a controlled and randomized work and a Cochrane Systematic Review on functional dyspepsia and its clinical importance. It is stressed that the Maastricht Consensus bases its recommendations on the treatment of dyspepsia suggested in these papers. The delay in the making of an early diagnosis of the organic causes of dyspepsia, the masking of malignant gastric diseases, the development of bacterial resistance and the affectation of the intestinal microbiota are among the dangers resulting from the adverse side effects of the application of an eradication therapy of Helicobacter pylori in a population of patients of so vast dimensions.

Helicobacter pylori infection and thrombocytopenia: A single-institution experience in Mexico / Infección por Helicobacter pylori y trombocitopenia: Experiencia en una sola institución mexicana

The association between gastrointestinal H. pylori infection and thrombocytopenia was studied in a single institution in Mexico, over a 5-year period. In 99 individuals with H. pylori infection, the prevalence of thrombocytopenia was 14%, whereas in 23 consecutive patients with chronic refractory thrombocytopenic purpura, the prevalence of H. pylori infection was 60%, this figure being similar to that informed in the general population of Mexico (66%); the association between thrombocytopenia and H. pylori infection was not significant. In 14 patients who were found to have both thrombocytopenia and H. pylori infection, eradication treatment was given and the platelet count recovered in three. It is not still clear if detection of H. pylori infection should be routinely included in the initial workup of chronic thrombocytopenia.

Se investigó la asociación entre infección del tubo digestivo por H. pylori y trombocitopenia en una sola institución en México, en un periodo de cinco años. En 99 individuos infectados por H. pylori, la prevalencia de trombocitopenia fue de 14%; por otro lado, en 23 pacientes consecutivos con púrpura trombocitopénica crónica refractaria, la prevalencia de infección por H. pylori fue de 60%, cifra similar a la descrita para la población general de nuestro país, de alrededor de 66%; en consecuencia, la asociación entre trombocitopenia e infección por H. pylori no fue significativa. En 14 pacientes en quienes coexistieron púrpura trombocitopénica e infección por H. pylori, se administró tratamiento de erradicación de la bacteria y la cuenta de plaquetas se normalizó en tres. Los datos apoyan otras publicaciones que muestran falta de asociación entre estas variables y son insuficientes para recomendar si es prudente o no investigar la infección por H. pylori en el estudio inicial de todos los pacientes con púrpura trombocitopénica.

Alta capacidad fermentativa de las bacterias colónicas en la génesis de la flatulencia, y su sensibilidad al subsalicilato de bismuto / Fermentative capacity high of the colonic bacteriae in the genesis of the flatulence, and their sensitivity to the bismuth subsalicylate

Empleando una técnica descrita previamente, se hicieron determinaciones "in vitro" de fermentación fecal (FF) basal (FFB), sólo con heces, también con heces y lactulosa (FFL), y con heces, lactulosa y subsalicilato de bismuto (FFLBi), en 34 pacientes con flatulencia. La media+d.s. de las diferencias entre los niveles de FFL y FFB (FFL-FFB) en los pacientes con flatulencia fue significativa y marcadamente mayor que la respectiva media+d.s. en 30 sujetos controles normales estudiados anteriormente (respectivamente, 9.1+4.7 vs. 3.9+3.2 ml de gas/24h; p menor que 0.000001). Y, aunque la FF disminuyó con la adición de subsalicilato de bismuto en sólo 24 (70.6 por ciento) de los pacientes con flatulencia pero no en los restantes 10 (29.4 por ciento), en total la media+d.s. de las diferencias entre los niveles de FFLBi y FFB (FFLBi-FFB) fue significativamente más baja que la media+d.s. de las diferencias entre los niveles de FFL y FFB (FFL-FFB) (respectivamente, 6.0+4.2 vs. 9.1+4.7 ml de gas/24h; p menor que 0.01). Estos resultados confirman que: 1) Muy probablemente, la capacidad fermentativa de las bacterias colónicas es anormalmente intensa en personas con flatulencia; y 2) El subsalicilato de bismuto puede ser de utilidad en el control de la fermentación colónica excesiva y la flatulencia; y, además sugieren la interesante posibilidad de que pudiéramos haber encontrado la forma de predecir cuándo el empleo del subsalicilato de bismuto va a ser efectivo en el tratamiento de un paciente con flatulencia.

Using a previously described technique, “in vitro” determinations were carried out for faecal fermentation (FF): basal faecal fermentation (BFF), i.e, only with faeces, with faeces and lactulose (LFF) and with faeces, lactulose and bismuth subsalicylate(BiLFF) in 34 patients with flatulence.The media+d.s. of the difference between the LFFand BFF levels (LFF-BFF) in patients with flatulence was significant and markedly higher than the respective media +d.s. in 30 normal control patients previously studied (9.1+4.7 vs. 3.9+3.2 ml gas/24 hrs;p<0.000001 respectively). And, although FF was reduced by adding bismuth salicylate in only 24 per cent (70.6 per cent) of the patients with flatulence but not in the remaining 10 (29.4 per cent), in total the media+d.s. of the differences between the levels BiLFF and BFF (BiLFFBFF) was significantly lower that the media+d.s. of the differences between the LFF and BFF levels (LFF-BFF) (6.0+4.2 vs 9.1+4.7 ml gas/24hrs; p<0.01 respectively). These results confirm that: 1) The fermentative capacity of the colonic bacteriae is most likely to be abnormally intense in peoples with flatulence and 2) Bismuth subsalicylate can be useful in the control of excessive colonic fermentation and flatulence; they raise, furthermore, the interesting possibility that we may have foundthe way to predict when the use of bismuth subsalicylate could be effective in the treatment of a patient with flatulence.

Historia del tratamiento de la Sífilis / The history of Syphilis´ treatment

El nombre sífilis proviene del griego siph: cerdo y philus: amor. Recuerda al personaje de una obra, llamado Syphilo, que fue castigado por los dioses a sufrir una terrible enfermedad. Se analizan los datos sobre la sífilis en la antigüedad (que difieren según su fuente). Su mención en la Edad Media, su controversial origen, la ayuda de los paleopatólogos para encontrarlo. Luego de la Revolución Francesa y el inicio de la Edad Contemporánea, el porcentaje de enfermos fue creciendo y se acentuó la segregación de los mismos por la sociedad. Desde el año 1500 hasta principios del siglo XX el tratamiento de la sífilis dependía del mercurio. Tenía una gran variedad de formas de aplicación. La vía tópica: el ungüento gris, en calomelano o tabletas, en inyecciones, en fricciones y fumigaciones en donde el mercurio se introducía en el cuerpo por lo pulmones. Se adjudicó a la madera del guayaco pretendidas características curativas, que no poseía. Los ioduros se utilizaron para el terciarismo. Ehrlich en 1907, patentó el compuesto 606 o Salvarsan y en 1910, el Neo-Salvarsan o Arsfenamina (compuesto 914). Por estos descubrimientos recibió el Premio Nobel. En 1887, Julios Wagner Jauregg sugirió que la fiebre terapéuticamente inducida era útil en el tratamiento de enfermos psicóticos. En 1912 publicó sus satisfactorios resultados al tratar la paresias con una combinación de mercurio-iodo y tuberculina de Koch. En 1917 ingresó a su servicio un enfermo de malaria, con cuya sangre escarificaron la piel palúdica de tres paréticos, en lugar de darle inmediatamente quinina. Por ello fue galardona con el Premio Nobel. Se utilizó luego el bismuto, a partir de 1922, pero posteriormente fue sustituido por las sulfamidas, de aplicación dificultosa. El avance terapéutico más importante ocurrió en 1943, año en que se comenzó a utilizar la penicilina por Mahoney y colaboradores. Luego se confirmó la eficacia de la tetraciclina para los alérgicos a la penicilina. Últimamente se confirmó la eficacia de la azitromicina en dosis de 500mg cada día, durante los 10 días o el régimen de 500mg en días alternos.

The name Syphilis comes from greek language: Siph: Pig and Philus: Love, meaning, in honor of the Sheppard of a story where the Character, Named Syphilo, is punished by the gods to suffer a terrible disease. Data about Syphilis was analized in ancient times (which differ according to the source). Its mention in the middle age, its controversial origin, the help provided from paleopathologists to find it. When the French revolution and the beginning of the contemporary age began, the percentage of sick people grew. The segregation of these is proved by the society. From the year 1500 to the beginnings of the XX century, the treatment of Syphilis depended on mercury. There were a great variety of application methods: topical: the grey ointment, in «calomelanos or tabs¼, in injections, in frictions and fumigations where the mercury was introduced in the body by the lungs. Guayacos wood was named with curative features which it did not posses. The iodides were used for tertiary syphilis. In 1907, Ehrlich formulates the 606 compound or Salvarsan and in 1910 the Neo-Salvarsan or Arsfenamina or compound 914.Due to these discoveries he received the nobel prize. In 1887, Julius Wagner of Jauregg suggested that: the inducted therapeutic fiber was useful in the treatment of the psychosis. In 1912 he published his satisfactory results in treating the paresis with a combination of mercury and iodides and tuberculin of Koch. In 1917 he treated a patient who had malaria and instead of giving him immediately quinine, he made a scarification with his paludic blood the skin of 3 paretic patients. Because of this he was awarded with the nobel prize. Since 1922 bismuth was used, but then it was substituted by the sulphamidas of difficult application. The most important therapeutical advance happened in 1943, year in which penicillin was put in use by Mahoney and col. Later it was confirmed the efficiency of the tetracycline for the penicillin-allergic patients. Lately it has been confirmed the efficiency of the azithromizine in 500 mg dosis each day during 10 days or the regimen of 500 mg in alternate days.

Periradicular repair after two-visit endodontic treatment using two different intracanal medications compared to single-visit endodontic treatment

The number of appointments necessary to treat infected root canals is one of the most controversial issues in endodontics. This study evaluated, in dogs, the response of the periradicular tissues to the endodontic treatment of infected root canals performed in a single visit or in two visits, using different interappointment dressings. Periradicular lesions were induced by inoculating Enterococcus faecalis in the root canals. After confirming that a periradicular lesion developed, the root canals were treated within one or two visits, using either ozonized oil or calcium hydroxide in camphorated paramonochlorophenol (CMCP) as an intracanal medication. After 6 months, the animals were sacrificed and the specimens were processed for histological and histobacteriological analysis. The root canals treated in a single visit showed a success rate of 46 percent. When a calcium hydroxide/CMCP-based interappointment intracanal medication was used, 74 percent of the cases were categorized as success. In cases where ozonized oil was used as the intracanal medication, a success rate of 77 percent was observed. These results of the present study demonstrated that the two-visit treatment offered a higher success rate compared to one-visit therapy. In addition, ozonized oil may potentially be used as an intracanal medication.

O número de sessões necessárias para tratar um canal radicular infectado é um dos assuntos mais controversos da endodontia. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar, em cães, a resposta dos tecidos perirradiculares ao tratamento endodôntico de canais infectados em uma ou duas consultas, usando diferentes medicamentos entre as sessões. Lesões perirradiculares foram induzidas pela inoculação de Enterococcus faecalis nos canais. Após a confirmação do desenvolvimento de uma lesão perirradicular, os canais foram tratados em uma ou duas sessões, usando óleo ozonizado ou hidróxido de cálcio associado ao paramonoclorofenol canforado (PMCC) como medicação intracanal. Após 6 meses, os animais foram sacrificados e os espécimes processados para análise histológica e histobacteriológica. Os canais tratados em sessão única apresentaram uma taxa de sucesso de 46 por cento dos casos. Quando a medicação usada entre as sessões foi o hidróxido de cálcio associado com o PMCC, 74 por cento dos casos resultaram em sucesso. Nos casos em que o óleo ozonizado foi usado, uma taxa de sucesso de 77 por cento foi observada. Esses achados demonstraram que o tratamento em duas sessões oferece uma taxa de sucesso mais alta quando comparado à terapia em uma sessão. Além disso, o óleo ozonizado mostrou potencial para ser usado como medicação intracanal.

Effect of smoking on failure of H. pylori therapy and gastric histology in a high gastric cancer risk area of Colombia / Efecto del tabaquismo en la falla al tratamiento anti-H. pylori y en la histología gástrica en una zona de alto riesgo de cáncer gástrico en Colombia

It has been proposed that eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection is a sound strategy for gastric cancer prevention. Several factors including smoking have been associated to treatment failure rates. This study aimed to evaluate the smoking effect on the efficacy of H. pylori therapy, as well as on the histological parameters in the gastric mucosa from subjects from a high gastric cancer risk area. Two-hundred-sixty-four Colombian subjects with gastric precancerous lesions who participated in a chemoprevention trial, received anti- H. pylori treatment at baseline and had data recorded on cigarette use, were included in this study. A detailed histopathological assessment of the gastric mucosa was performed in biopsies taken before any intervention. H. pylori eradication was assessed in gastric biopsies at 36 months post-treatment. The overall eradication rate was 52.3%; rates of 41.3% and 57.1% were observed for active-smokers and non-smokers, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that smokers had a 2-fold higher probability of failure in Helicobacter pylori eradication than non-smokers (OR: 2.0; 95% CI: 1.01-3.95). At baseline, activesmokers had a higher score of intestinal metaplasia compared to non-smokers. In the corpus mucosa, active-smokers showed lower scores of H. pylori density, total inflammation, neutrophil infiltration, and mucus depletion than non-smokers. In the antrum, no significant differences were observed between active-smokers and non-smokers. In summary, in patients who smoked, H. pylori treatment was less effective. Smoking cessation may benefit H. pylori eradication rates.

La erradicación del Helicobacter pylori ha sido propuesta como medida promisoria en la prevención del cáncer gástrico. Varios factores, incluyendo el tabaquismo, se asocian con la falla del tratamiento. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto del tabaquismo en la eficacia del tratamiento anti-H. pylori y en la histología gástrica en residentes de una zona de alto riesgo de cáncer gástrico. Este estudio incluyó 264 sujetos colombianos con lesiones gástricas preneoplásicas que participaron en un estudio de quimioprevención, recibieron tratamiento anti-H. pylori al ingreso, y proveyeron información sobre tabaquismo. Se realizó un detallado análisis histopatológico en las biopsias colectadas al ingreso. La erradicación de la infección fue evaluada en las biopsias gástricas a los 36 meses post-tratamiento. El porcentaje general de erradicación fue de 52.3%, con proporciones de 41.3% y 57.1% en fumadores activos y no fumadores, respectivamente. El análisis de regresión logística múltiple mostró que el riesgo de presentar falla al tratamiento fue doble en fumadores en comparación con los no fumadores (OR: 2.0; 95% CI: 1.01-3.95). Los fumadores presentaron un mayor índice de metaplasia intestinal comparado con los no fumadores. En la mucosa del cuerpo gástrico los fumadores mostraron menores índices de colonización por H. pylori, inflamación total, infiltración de neutrófilos y depleción de moco que los no fumadores. En el antro no se observaron diferencias significacomtivas entre ambos grupos. En conclusión, el tratamiento anti-H. pylori fue menos efectivo en sujetos fumadores. La cesación del consumo de tabaco puede beneficiar las tasas de erradicación del H. pylori.

Uso de un compuesto a base de gel de hidróxido de bismuto coloidal con pectina en la diarrea aguda / Use of a gel compound with colloidal bismuth hydroxide and pectin in acute diarrhea

El estudio tuvo un año de duración. Se evaluó la eficacia terapéutica de un compuesto a base de un gel de hidróxido de bismuto coloidal al 3% con pectina (Crema de Bismuto Chobet) en la diarrea aguda del lactante. El estudio se realizó en 48 lactantes afectados de diarrea aguda de menos de 24 horas de evolución. La investigación utilizó metodología a doble ciego, fue randomizada y controlada con placebo. Ambos grupos de tratamiento fueron similares en cuanto a características demográficas y etiopatogénicas. El porcentaje de niños mejorados clínicamente a las 24 horas de tratamiento y la reducción del número de deposiciones fue del 45,8% en el grupo placebo y del 83,4% en el grupo tratado con la Crema de Bismuto (p